Manot Cave - Early Modern Humans Out of Africa and Into the Levant

Manot Cave is an active karst cave with abundant speleothems, and, more to the point, evidence of multiple Middle and Upper Paleolithic occupations likely associated with both Neanderthals and  anatomically modern humans (abbreviated AMH). The cave is located in what is today Israel, some 40 kilometers (25 miles) northwest of the similarly dated Neanderthal site of Qafzeh Cave and about the same northeast of the four Neanderthal sites at Mount Carmel, and about 220 meters (656 feet) above sea level. The interior of the cave is an elongated main hall (80 m [262 ft] long, 10-25 m [30-80 ft] wide), and it has two lower chambers connected from the north and south. A skull cap (calvaria) from a hominin skull was found in the side chamber extending eastward from the northeastern wall of the main cave, covered by a thin calcite crust. The chamber is 7.7x4 m (25x13 ft) in floor area and 1-2.5 m (4-8 ft) high. The skullcap was resting on a flowstone ledge, without loose sediment nearby, and is not associated directly with any stratified archaeological layers found elsewhere in the cave. The calcitic crust directly covering the calvaria was direct-dated by Uranium-Thorium methods to 54,700 /- 5,500 years ago: researchers suggest that given the constant wetness of the cave today, the crust date likely approximates the true age of the skull. AMH is thought to have arrived in Europe ca. 45,000 years ago (bp). Chronology Excavations indicate the cave was intensively occupied during the Upper Paleolithic period, and, to a lesser extent, the Middle Paleolithic. Dates include both Accelerator Mass Spectrometer radiocarbon dates and Uranium-Thorium dates. Collapse of the cave, 30,000 years bpUpper Paleolithic (Areas C and E)  Levantine Aurignacian  (39,000-35,000 bp), carinated and nosed endscrapers on blades, bladelets and antler spear points, comparable to Hayonim Cave and Ksar Akil Rockshelter; Columbella rustica and Nassarius gibbosulus shells, some perforated, presumably for personal ornamentationAhmarian (46,000-42,000 bp): long, narrow blades with punctiform platforms, burins, endscrapers and el-Wad pointsTerminal Middle Paleolithic/Initial Upper Paleolithic (60,200-49,200 bp): blade cores, endscrapers, Levallois-like blades, similar to Ksar Akil, Ucagizli Cave, Boker TachitMiddle Paleolithic (Areas A, C, D): Levallois cores and flakes, some of which were found in the later assemblages Features of Manot Cave Features associated with the habitation of the cave include Area E, a thin living surface associated with the Upper Paleolithic component. Area E included charcoal remains, flint artifacts, animal bones and two combustion areas, one of which is a hearth with white calcified wood ash, surrounded by a layer of burnt clay. Artifacts in Area E included endscrapers, burins and Dufour bladelets. Area C is primarily an Early Upper Paleolithic occupation, with a scatter of Middle Paleolithic tools. Flint tools include Aurignacian-like blades and blade tools, el-Wad points, and antler points. Area C also included perforated shells and red ochre. A recent study of the lithics from Area C (Weiner et al) suggests that 19 of 20 examined artifacts were heat-treated, a characteristic of AMH first definitively used about 70,000 years ago in South Africa. The faunal record of the cave indicate the inhabitants were exploiting mountain gazelle and Mesopotamian fallow deer. See the Manot Cave project gallery page at Antiquity by Marder et al. for details and photographs of the artifacts and site features. Calvaria at Manot Cave A large intact portion of a human skull was recovered from Manot Cave, including of the uppermost part of the frontal bone, two nearly complete parietal bones and the occipital. The calvaria is relatively small and gracile, but is believed to be from an adult. Cranial capacity is estimated to be 1,100 milliliters, well within Anatomically Modern Human  (AMH) ranges. Indeed, most aspects of the skulls form fall within the range of modern humans, although others, including a coronal keel and an occipital bun, do not. Excavators Hershkovitz and colleagues argue that the skull cap contains a mosaic of archaic and modern traits like other hominins found across sub-Saharan Africa and the Levant as recently as 35,000 years ago. Given the date and formal aspects of the skull, Hershkovitz et al. argue that the Manot 1 individual likely was a member of a population that migrated  out of Africa  and established itself in the Levant during the late Middle Paleolithic or Middle-Upper Paleolithic interface. Thus, say the scholars, Manot 1 is either an early local Levantine Anatomically Modern Human, or it represents a hybrid between Neanderthals and early AMHs. In either case, suggest the scholars, the residents of Manot Cave did live in close proximity to Neanderthals, and thus the Manot skullcap may have been one of the first descendants of AMH populations to have interbred with Neanderthals prior to the migration into Europe. Archaeology Manot was found by construction workers in the early 21st century and excavated by an international team led by Tel Aviv University between 2010-2014. Sources This article is a part of the About.com guide to the Upper Paleolithic, and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Hershkovitz I, Marder O, Ayalon A, Bar-Matthews M, Yasur G, Boaretto E, Caracuta V, Alex B, Frumkin A, Goder-Goldberger M et al. 2015. Levantine cranium from Manot Cave (Israel) foreshadows the first European modern humans.Nature in press. doi: 10.1038/nature14134 Marder O, Alex B, Ayalon A, Bar-Matthews M, Bar-Oz G, Bar-Yosef Mayer DE, Berna F, Boaretto E, Caracuta V, Frumkin A et al. 2012. The Upper Palaeolithic of Manot Cave, Western Galilee, Israel: the 2011–12 excavations. Antiquity Project Gallery. Weiner S, Brumfeld V, Marder O, and Barzilai O. 2015. Heating of flint debitage from Upper Palaeolithic contexts at Manot Cave, Israel: changes in atomic organization due to heating using infrared spectroscopy. Journal of Archaeological Science 54:45-53. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2014.11.02s wasahave come from

The Story of the Puppet - 1696 Words

Not even four feet tall the stocky, little man in patchy, homemade overalls was every bit of invisible behind the massive haunches of Tiny, the circus’s eldest, and in his opinion, smelliest, African Elephant. Muttering obscenities beneath his breath, never missing a beat, Puppet shoveled heavy scoopfuls of dung off the boxcars floor and into an old wheelbarrow, pausing only long enough to lean the shit stick against the wall before he grabbed the handles of the wheelbarrow, his dark complexion reddening from the weight, and headed out to ditch the stink someplace where it wouldnt be noticed until the circus was just a memory. He hated this work, hated how all the fancy pants, the trapeze artists, the animal trainers, even the side show freaks treated him as nothing more than a trained pet; existing only to clean up after them or serve them in whatever fashion they so desired. He was even forced to bed down with the tamer animals. He blamed the ringleader, Master Drachen, who since coming upon an abandoned toddler boy of color in the middle of Arkansas during the early forties had rescued him only to make him a perpetual slave and personal object of ridicule. When Puppet was young hed been grateful to Master Drachen, quietly obedient, but as the years wore on the insults piled up; the sound of laughter around the campfire, almost always directed at him, began echoing in his ears, their taunts making his eyes sting and his heart ache more than the frequent beatingsShow MoreRelatedEssay on Wayang Kulit960 Words   |  4 Pageswith the puppet itself or the whole puppet theatre performance. History: Wayang is a general term meaning traditional theatre in Indonesia. This art was imported from India or China, both of which have a long tradition of shadow puppetry and theatre in general. 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Karl Marx and Marxism Essay - 727 Words

Karl Marx and Marxism Karl Marx set the wheels of modern Communism and Socialism in motion with his writings in the late nineteenth century. In collaboration with his friend, Heinrich Engels, he produced the The Communist Manifesto, written in 1848. Many failed countries political and socio-economic structures have been based on Marxs theories, for example the USSR, East Germany etc. Many people believe that Marxism is not applicable to todays society, as Karl Marx put forward his ideas not anticipating the type of society we have today. The welfare state system has effectively nullified Marxs arguments, and made them irrelevant. Karl Marx, born on May 5, 1818, died on March 14, 1883, was a German economist, philosopher and†¦show more content†¦Because of this, the worker is alienated from the product of their labours, having no control over what is made, or what becomes of it. Karl Marx was very concerned with the class system in Prussia. He was an avid campaigner against a system where one group of people flourish at the expense of another class, in this case the working. He believed that all things should be equal, and that sharing should abound, with no-one person owning everything, all belonging to the state. Marx believed that once most workers recognized their interests and became class conscious, the overthrow of capitalism would proceed as quickly and democratically as the nature of the capitalist opposition allowed. The socialist society that would emerge out of the revolution would develop the full productive potential inherited from capitalism through democratic planning on behalf of social needs. The final goal, towards which socialist society would constantly build, is the human one of abolishing alienation. Marx called the attainment of this goal Communism. Marxism in its various forms has affected the world greatly throughout time. Both world wars have involved communist countries to a great extent. 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Disentaglement free essay sample

Disentangling the Effect of Depression Symptoms and Adult Attachment on Emotional Disclosure Crystal Taylor Suny Jefferson Community College Literature Review Emotional disclosure has important psychological and physical health benefits(Frontal, 2006), while non disclosure have been linked to negative outcomes in these areas (Kelly Yip, 2006; Larson Christian, 1990). Disclosure also aids in emotional recovery from negative events because it promotes insights, fosters social support, and reduces negative emotions (Kennedy-Moore Watson, 001). Individuals who are experiencing depression symptoms use maladaptive affect regulation strategies. Therefore, they tend to engage in lower levels of generalized disclosure (Kahn Garrison, 2009) and less daily emotional disclosure when they experience emotionally intense events (Garrison Kahn, 2010). Individuals with an insecure adult attachment orientation also exhibit problems with affect regulation(Incliner, Shaver, Pepper, 2003). Avoidably attached individuals tend to engage in lower levels of disclosure, while anxiously attached individuals eave generally been found to engage in higher levels of disclosure. No research in this area has looked at how attachment orientation impacts daily disclosure. Research also suggests that depression symptoms and insecure attachment are related to each other (e. G. , Riggs Han, 2009). Determining how depression symptoms and insecure attachment uniquely and Jointly contribute to emotional disclosure (both as a generalized tendency and in response to daily events) would help to clarify a convergence of theoretical ideas. This was the purpose of the study. Hypothesis Depression will be negatively related to generalized disclosure tendencies, and depression will moderate the daily-event intensity-disclosure relation. Attachment avoidance will be negatively related to emotional disclosure, and attachment anxiety will be positively related to emotional disclosure. We pitted two opposing hypotheses against each other when considering what would happen with all three predictors in the model: (a) attachment orientation would explain the depression-disclosure relation such that depression symptoms and disclosure would not be related when monitoring for attachment versus (b) depression symptoms would explain the attachment disclosure relation such-that attachment and disclosure would not be related when controlling for depression symptoms. Method Participants were 96 women and 25 men (N = 121, M age = 19. 76) from a large Midwestern university. The majority of participants in this study (n = 102; 84%) were European American. Most participants reported being single (n = 76; 63%) or in a dating relationship (n = 42; 35%). This study utilized a daily diary methodology (Bolder, Davis, Rafael, 2003). Participants first completed the following paper- and-pencil measures: Experiences in Close Relationships Scale (ACRES; Brenna, Clark, pm; Shaver, 1 8) to measure attachment avoidance and attachment anxiety (l dont feel comfortable opening up to romantic partners, l turn to my partner for many things, including comfort and reassurance) Distress Disclosure Index (DID: Kahn Hassling, 2001) to measure generalized disclosure tendencies (If I have a bad day, the last thing I want to do is talk about it) Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms (IDEAS; Watson et al. 007), to measure general depression symptoms (l slept less than usual, l had little interest in my usual hobbies or activities) Participants then completed the following measure online daily for the next 7 days: Daily Questionnaire (developed by the authors) to assess daily event intensity (How intense was your emotional reaction to the unpleasant event right when it occurred? ) and daily emotional disclosure (To what degr ee have you shared information about this unpleasant event with someone today [I. E. , by talking with someone, testing someone, posting an online message, etc. ) in response to the most negative event of the day. Discussion For generalized disclosure tendencies, attachment avoidance appears to be the most relevant variable of those we measured, whereas depression symptoms and attachment anxiety appear to be most relevant to daily disclosure following a negative event. We replicated previous research (Garrison Kahn, 2010; Kahn Garrison, 2009) that found depression symptoms to be negatively related to generalized disclosure tendencies and to moderate the relation between event intensity and daily disclosure of the event. When regulating emotions, individuals high in attachment avoidance and attachment anxiety use deactivating and hyperventilating strategies, respectively (Incliner et al. , 2003), that may have influenced their disclosures. These findings suggest a benefit of integrating attachment, depression symptoms, and emotion regulation into theories of emotional disclosure, and they suggest a benefit to understanding the attachment orientation of clients experiencing depression. Sharing emotional experiences, or engaging in emotional disclosure, can be a cathartic process, resulting in reductions in stress, anxiety and tension. In an opposite manner, the active concealment of distressing information is associated with psychological distress and physical symptoms such as headaches and backaches, said Angela M. Garrison of the Department of Counselor Education and Counselor Psychology at Western Michigan University. Similarly, people with depression or anxiety often suppress their emotions to avo id facing negative feelings. Research has shown that individuals who have attachment issues struggle with emotional disclosure as well. Because emotional disclosure is so closely inked to depression and attachment, it is difficult to determine how each condition affects emotional regulation. Specifically, depression symptoms and attachment are both associated with emotional disclosure, but depression symptoms and attachment are also related to each other, said Garrison, lead author of a recent study on emotional disclosure. For theory clarification, it is therefore important to disentangle the effect of depression symptoms on emotional disclosure from the potential effects of attachment on emotional disclosure. In order to isolate the effects, Garrison and ere colleagues assessed 121 college students for depression and attachment problems, as well as emotional disclosure using a daily diary for seven days. Results indicated that depression symptoms were negatively related to generalized disclosure tendencies and to intro-individual daily intensity-disclosure slopes

Tourism Role in Economic Development

In this paper, there is going to be a discussion about tourism and economic development. Different sources of information are going to be considered. Several examples from different parts of the world about tourism and economic development are going to be presented.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Tourism Role in Economic Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The last paragraph of the paper will give a conclusion of the paper in which a summary of the main points in the discussion is going be presented. The tourism sector is a very important sector in the world economy and serves as one of the significant sources of income for the developed as well as developing nations. This sector involves huge investment and great planning (Rahmatnia, Vejdan and Eskandarpour 139). Tourism has been found to greatly contribute towards economic development. It is pointed out that this sector is the world’s largest sector and creates the largest number of jobs within the national as well as regional economies. According to Aliqah, research undertaken in the recent past indicates that it was projected that by the year 2000, the tourism sector would generate both in a direct and in an indirect manner, 11.7 percent of the gross domestic product and about two hundred million jobs in the global economy (Aliqah 173). In the same regard, the projected figures for the year 2010 stood at 11.7 percent of GDP and 255 million jobs respectively (Aliqah 173). It is reported that the jobs which are generated by the tourism sector â€Å"are spread across the economy in retail, construction, manufacturing and telecommunications as well as directly in travel and tourism companies† (Aliqah 173). Job creation facilitated by the tourism sector through the direct means involve creating these opportunities within the sector itself and this includes such activities as tourists guidance, offering securi ty to tourists, and transportation and travel among other similar activities.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Indirect creation of job opportunities involves job creation of jobs in other sectors which engages in supplying the tourism sector with the basic needs such as foods and health care. Studies conducted indicate that the average of having creation of direct jobs in the hotel industry â€Å"was between 0.5 – 1 job opportunities for every room in the hotels’ rooms and the average increased in low incomes countries was about 1.5 or more† (Aliqah 178). According to Aliqah, who undertook a study about tourism in Jordan, considering the ratio of costs for job creation in the tourism sector to other economic activities, there is no comprehensive data that is available about the countries in the Arab World; however, some of the studies in other p arts of the world give assurance that the cost incurred in the creation of a job in the tourism sector is less than the cost of creating a job in any of the traditional sectors (Aliqah 178). In Aliqah study, which was concerned with tourism in Jordan, it was found out that the government of this country looks for ways of developing employment in this sector by coming up with development plans as well as having international cooperation with â€Å"the International Funds† or IF and â€Å"international organizations to invest in the tourism sector, specifically in the tourism locations like Aqaba and Dead Sea† (Aliqah 178). In such places, the investors can get to take joy in â€Å"wide free taxes†, in the ability to engage in exchanging their entire capitals, and â€Å"the foreign ownership one hundred percent in the tourism sector† (Aliqah 178). It is pointed out that, in the present day, a large number of countries depend on the tourism sector for econom ic development since this sector is currently among the world’s largest sectors and also among the sectors that are realizing rapid growth (â€Å"Tourism, instrument of economic development† 1). It is reported that in the publications presented recently by the â€Å"United Nation World Tourism Organization† – UNWTO, it was revealed that â€Å"International tourism grew by almost 5% in the first half of 2011, totaling to a new record of 440 million arrivals† (â€Å"Tourism, instrument of economic development† 1).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Tourism Role in Economic Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The results give a confirmation that, despite many challenges, the international tourism goes on â€Å"to consolidate the return to growth initiated in 2010† (â€Å"Tourism, instrument of economic development† 1). In the course of the last decade of the twentieth century, the African continent witnessed an increase in the number of tourist arrivals to about 10.6 million from 8.4 million â€Å"and receipts growth from 2.3 billion to 3.7 billion† (â€Å"Tourism, instrument of economic development† 1). For a large number of nations that have high arrivals of tourists, their governments had come to a realization of the role that can be played by tourism in the nation’s economic development, but still there were other nations that could not realize this role 9â€Å"Tourism, instrument of economic development† 1). Some of the countries in Africa still tend to consider tourism as an entertainment tool and not as an instrument that can be used in realizing economic development. This is the reason why such countries have sidelined tourism in their development plans (â€Å"Tourism, instrument of economic development† 1). Perhaps one on the good examples of the countries where tourism has contr ibuted to economic development to a great level is South Africa. This country is among the holiday destinations that at are growing at the fastest rate. South Africa is known for â€Å"its scenic beauty, magnificent outdoors, sunny climate and cultural diversity† (â€Å"Trade, Exports and Investment† 1). It has been found out that tourism plays a major role in South Africa’s economic development (â€Å"Trade, Exports and Investment† 1). Basing on the â€Å"World Travel and Tourism Council† report, the contribution that tourism makes to the economy of South Africa increased by abpuitR17 billion in the period between year 2008 and2009 and this led to an increase in the gross domestic product (WTTC 10).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The statistics based on the tourism sector give an indication of an increase in revenue of up to six percent from the â€Å"foreign air markets† (â€Å"Trade, Exports and Investment† 1). Moreover, beginning form the year 2007, there has been an increase in the total employment of about six percent (â€Å"Trade, Exports and Investment† 1). Having over two hundred nations across the world and resources that are limited, â€Å"South Africa Tourism† has made a decision to put focus on those markets from where there is a high likelihood to receive returns within the medium to short term (â€Å"Trade, Exports and Investment† 1). This nation’s latest portfolio review of 2008 – 2010 gives an indication of â€Å"the U.S, the U.K, Australia, India, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Botswana, Nigeria, Kenya, and the domestic markets as the core markets† (â€Å"Trade, Exports and Investment† 1). It is reported that in the year 2008, â€Å"the nine core markets accounted for 55 percent of air arrivals and 6.1 percent of foreign direct spend†¦most of the other regions fall under either investment, tactical or watch-list markets† (â€Å"Trade, Exports and Investment† 1). It can actually be seen that tourism in South Africa is doing well as compared to the rest of priority sectors. This sector is normally referred to as â€Å"the new gold of the South African economy† (â€Å"Trade, Exports and Investment† 1) because of what has been discussed above and also due to the fact that the â€Å"total direct spend of the tourists has overtaken gold foreign exchange earnings† (â€Å"Trade, Exports and Investment† 1). The situation is different when such a country as Nigeria is considered. It is reported that the government of Nigeria is among the African nations’ governments that still consider tourism as an entertainment instrument and not as a means by which economic development can be realized (Tourism, instrument of economic development 1). The people charged with the responsibility of setting up the economic policies in this country did not consider any potentials that tourism has and no pronouncements have been made in regard to what positive impacts tourism can have to the economy of this country (â€Å"Tourism, instrument of economic development† 1). In an interview conducted last year (2011) with Nigeria’s Minister of â€Å"Culture and Tourism†, the minister pointed out that the greatest economy in Sub-Saharan Africa â€Å"is driven by tourism which is the greatest contributor to GDP in South Africa, not the solid minerals sector† (â€Å"Tourism, instrument of economic development† 1). And Nigeria, the second largest economy in the region is â€Å"a mono-product economy† (â€Å"Tourism, instrument of economic development† 1). The minister also pointed out that in case this country can make addition of the benefits of culture as well as tourism to the benefits obtained from the energy sector, then definitely this country will be in a position to get ahead of South Africa. The country has the population as well as a ready market (â€Å"Tourism, instrument of economic development† 1). In conclusion, it has been found out that tourism makes a big contribution towards realization of economic development in a nation. It plays a big role in creating jobs, both in a direct and in an indirect manner. It has been found out that the cost of creating a job opportunity in the tourism sector is far much lower than the cost involved in creating a job in the traditional sectors. This sector also assists in increasing a country’s gross domestic product through the high revenues received. This sector has been found to be growing at the fastest rate across the world and the countries that have recognized its importance and developed it have actually experienced economic de velopment. A good example of a country that is benefiting from this sector is South Africa. A country like Nigeria has not gained much from the sector since it has been among those countries that have not seen the great potentials that the sector has. It is important that countries, especially in the developing ones, realize the importance of this sector in regard to economic development, in order for them to capitalize on it for economic prosperity. They will be able to deal with such a problem as unemployment effectively. Works Cited Aliqah, Khaled Mohammad Abu. â€Å"The role of tourism sector on economic development in Jordan during the period 1990 – 2008. European Journal of Economics, Finance and administrative Sciences. 1.18 (2010): 173 – 180. Print. This is a trade journal that talks about tourism and economic development in Jordan. Rahmatnia, Sasan, Vejdan, Rahim, and Eskandarpour, Behrooz. â€Å"Cultural tourism and its role in society’s economic dev elopment†. American Journal of scientific Research, 1.58 (2012): 138 – 147. This is a scholarly article that presents a research report on cultural tourism and economic development. Tourism, instrument of economic development 2011. Web. https://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/09/tourism-instrument-of-economic-development/. This is a news article that presents information on tourism and economic development and specifically talks about Nigeria. Trade, Exports and Investment 2010. Web.http://www.thedti.gov.za/. This is popular information center that provides information about tourism in South Africa. WTTC. (2010). The Economic Impact of Travel and Tourism: Mali. London: World Travel and Tourism Council. This is a book that talks about the economic impact of tourism, specifically on Mali. This research paper on Tourism Role in Economic Development was written and submitted by user Lauren O. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Cathys Marketing Strategy

Cathys Marketing Strategy Executive Summary Cathy’s problem is how to increase her website revenue. Cathy’s main problem is the failure to generate advertising revenue and blog membership revenue. The advertisers find Cathy’s advertising fee unrealistically higher than other alternative advertising sites. Likewise, the prospective blog membership clients find the $20 annual fee too high. Cathy’s current advertising strategy failed to increase advertising revenues.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Cathy’s Marketing Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To increase her website’s advertising and blog membership revenues, Cathy ponders on several alternative solutions. The alternatives focus on implementing the marketing mix principles. The principles include offering lower advertising and blog membership prices, offering prospective customers more website benefits, advertising her website in news papers to generate more customers, and keeping her website open 24 hours a day to accept more website customers. Introduction. Marketing strategy spells the difference between financial success and failure. The research centers on Cathy’s current marketing strategy. The research veers towards recommending a complete revision of Cathy’s unsuccessful marketing strategy. Implementing the marketing mix principles, including the required survey, will improve Cathy’s current marketing and financial performance. Problem Statement. Cathy’s problem is how to increase website membership and advertising revenue. Cathy’s high advertising prices failed to generate expected advertising revenues. Cathy’s high blog membership dissuaded people from paying the high $20 membership fee. Analysis and evaluation. Cathy Newsome is disappointed with her low advertising revenue output and low blog membership output. The advertising prospects found her annual website advertising price of $ 2,400 is similar to a 1/16 page advertisement in the Raleigh Yellow pages. However, the Raleigh advertisement is a financially alternative when compared to advertising in Cathy’s website. Further, Cathy contributes lesser time to her internet business. Cathy’s strategy. Cathy’s main strategy is to set her internet business, Splendid Wedding.com. Cathy advertises her website to generate more local advertising customers and sponsors. The website offered wedding services to people who are planning to get married. Cathy offered a blog site at $ 20 annual membership fee. However, her attempts were unsuccessful. Cathy’s website, SplendidWedding.Com focused on helping people plan their wedding. She was encouraged by a recently held bridal fair held in Raleigh, North Carolina. She was thrilled by the wedding companies’ contributions to help the wedding couples. The business entities included the florists. The wedding fair included a wedding gift register. There were many companies joining the wedding fair.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The companies included Home Depot. Home Depot sells home furniture to the newly weds. Further, the wedding fair gave Cathy a new business idea. Cathy informed here fiancà © that people will be happy with an improved wedding service. The improvement included registering gift choices in a major or centralized website. The suggestion was better than offering many wedding-related stores a parcel or some fraction of the entire information database. Cathy insists that registering in the major or centralized website would make the job of the gift-givers less burdensome. Cathy discovered that most wedding websites like www.weddingchannel.com offered lackluster service to the current and prospective wedding customers. Recommendations . Cathy must revise her curr ent marketing strategy. Cathy should enhance her current marketing strategy of offering wedding services to the current and prospective customers. Cathy should focus on improving her currently unprofitable marketing strategy. Specifically, Cathy must lower her annual advertising fee to $ 999 per year. The lower rate will generate more advertising customers. Further, Cathy must reduce the membership fee to $ 4 a year. The price reduction will increase blog membership customers. In turn, Cathy will advertise her website in national newspapers, radio and television. Cathy’s website will continue focusing on helping people prepare their wedding celebrations. Cathy’s prospective customers are the wedding companies. The wedding companies sell wedding flowers, insurances, wedding reception programs and other related services. In turn, the current and prospective wedding customers can open Cathy’s centralized wedding database website. Cathy’s website customers ca n choose from a large list of competitors. Cathy’s website customers can pick the best offer from among the flower companies listed in the website. Based on the company’s offers, Cathy’s online clients can choose their preferred company. Some customers prefer companies offering the best wedding plans. Searching through Cathy’s website, the prospective customers can pick the company offering the best floral designs, floral decoration prices being equal. Lastly, the current and prospective customers can buy an insurance plan offering the most benefits (Fifield, 2012).Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Cathy’s Marketing Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To ensure Cathy can move forward, Cathy should spend more time implementing a different marketing strategy (Kerin, R., Peterson, R., 2010). Cathy’s new marketing strategy should include implementing the marketing mix principles. Implementing the marketing strategy, Cathy should price her product reasonably at $999 annual advertising fee and $4 blog membership fee. Cathy will conduct a survey that will serve as the basis for adjusting the recommended $ 999 advertising fee and $ 5 blog membership fee (Fifield, 2012). Fundamentally, Cathy should offer a high quality website product. The product will cater for the needs of the current and prospective customers. Cathy should conduct a survey to determine the prevailing needs of the community. The survey results will indicate Cathy’s perception of what the wedding couples need may not be all that true. The survey will aid Cathy’s business decisions (Capon, 2007). Further, Cathy should also offer her website service to the community (place). Cathy is successful in this area of the marketing mix. The prospective customers can easily open her website. The prospective customers can pick their company choices from the home, office, in school, or during a baseball game. He advertising is good (Sandhusen, 2008). Lastly, Cathy should advertise her website in national newspaper to generate more website customers. Cathy should advertise her website in the television and radio spots. Advertising the advantages of her website in the community newspaper, television, and radio will trigger a higher demand for Cathy’s website. Currently, Cathy’s financial goal does not seem realistic. Her current advertising efforts only produced two customers. The two customers are not enough to generate a profit from Cathy’s website business. To be realistic, Cathy’s current marketing strategy should be revised (Sandhusen, 2008). Conclusion. Based on the above discussion, implementing marketing strategy will make or break Cathy’s financial and marketing performance. Cathy’s current marketing strategy proved to be financially unsuccessful. Cathy’s current advertising procedure fails to generate mo re advertising customers and blog membership customers. Cathy’s only hope to extricate herself from her financial crisis is to immediately implement the marketing mix principles and conduct surveys. The surveys will serve as basis for Cathy’s new pricing schemes. The principles include lowering the current website advertising price and blog membership price, offering more benefits to customers, advertising the website in newspapers and ensuring Cathy’s wedding website is open 24 hours a day will increase Cathy’s advertising revenues and blog membership revenues. Indeed, Cathy’s setting into motion the marketing mix principles will increase Cathy’s website revenues.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Capon, N. (2007). Managing Marketing in the 21st Century. New York: Wessex Press. Fifield, P. (2012). Marketing Strategy. New York: Routledge Press. Kerin, R., Peterson, R. (2010). Strategic Marketing Problems. New York: Prentice Hall Sandhusen, R. (2008). Marketing. New York: Barrons Press.

Major General John Newton in the Civil War

Major General John Newton in the Civil War Early Life Career Born at Norfolk, VA on August 25, 1822, John Newton was the son of Congressman Thomas Newton, Jr., who represented the city for thirty-one years, and his second wife Margaret Jordan Pool Newton.   After attending schools in Norfolk and receiving additional instruction in mathematics from a tutor, Newton elected to pursue a military career and obtained an appointment to West Point in 1838. Arriving at the academy, his classmates included William Rosecrans, James Longstreet, John Pope, Abner Doubleday, and D.H. Hill.   Graduating second in the Class of 1842, Newton accepted a commission in the US Army Corps of Engineers. Remaining at West Point, he taught engineering for three years with a focus on military architecture and fortification design. In 1846, Newton was assigned to construct fortifications along the Atlantic coast and Great Lakes. This saw him make various stops in Boston (Fort Warren), New London (Fort Trumbull), Michigan (Fort Wayne), as well as several locations in western New York (Forts Porter, Niagara, and Ontario).  Newton remained in this role despite the start of the Mexican-American War that year.   Antebellum Years Continuing to oversee these types of projects, Newton married Anna Morgan Starr of New London on October 24, 1848. The coupled would ultimately have 11 children. Four years later, he received a promotion to first lieutenant. Named to a board tasked with assessing the defenses on the Gulf Coast in 1856, he was promoted to captain on July 1 of that year. Heading south, Newton conducted surveys for harbor improvements in Florida and made recommendations for improving the lighthouses near Pensacola. He also served as superintending engineer for Forts Pulaski (GA) and Jackson (LA).    In 1858, Newton was made the chief engineer of the Utah Expedition. This saw him travel west with Colonel Albert S. Johnstons command as it sought to deal with rebellious Mormon settlers. Returning east, Newton received orders to serve as superintending engineer at Forts Delaware and Mifflin on the Delaware River. He also was tasked with improving the fortifications at Sandy Hook, NJ. As sectional tensions rose following the election of President Abraham Lincoln in 1860, he, like fellow Virginians George H. Thomas and  Philip St. George Cooke, decided to remain loyal to the Union.    The Civil War Begins Made Chief Engineer of the Department of Pennsylvania, Newton first saw combat during the Union victory at Hokes Run (VA) on July 2, 1861. After briefly serving as  Chief Engineer of the Department of the Shenandoah, he arrived in Washington, DC in August and aided in constructing defenses around the city and across the Potomac in Alexandria. Promoted to brigadier general on September 23, Newton moved to the infantry and assumed command of a brigade in the growing Army of the Potomac.   The following spring, after service in Major General Irvin McDowells I Corps, his men were ordered to join the newly-formed VI Corps in May. Moving south, Newton took part in Major General George B. McClellans ongoing Peninsula Campaign. Serving in Brigadier General Henry Slocums division, the brigade saw increased action in late June as General Robert E. Lee opened the Seven Days Battles. During the course of the fighting, Newton performed well at the Battles of Gaines Mill and Glendale.   With the failure of Union efforts on the Peninsula, VI Corps returned north to Washington before taking part in the Maryland Campaign that September. Going into action on September 14 at the Battle of South Mountain, Newton distinguished himself by personally leading a bayonet attack against a Confederate position at Cramptons Gap. Three days later, he returned to combat at the Battle of Antietam. For his performance in the fighting, he received a brevet promotion to lieutenant colonel in the regular army. Later that fall, Newton was elevated to lead VI Corps Third Division.   Courting Controversy Newton was in this role when the army, with Major General Ambrose Burnside at the head, opened the Battle of Fredericksburg on December 13.   Positioned towards the southern end of the Union line, VI Corps was largely idle during the fighting. One of several generals who was unhappy with Burnsides leadership, Newton traveled to Washington with one of his brigade commanders, Brigadier General John Cochrane, to voice his concerns to Lincoln. While not calling for his commanders removal, Newton commented that there was a want of confidence in General Burnsides military capacity and that the troops of my division and of the whole army had become entirely dispirited. His actions helped lead to Burnsides dismissal in January 1863 and Major General Joseph Hookers installation as commander of the Army of the Potomac. Promoted to major general on March 30, Newton led his division during the Chancellorsville Campaign that May.         Remaining at Fredericksburg while Hooker and the rest of the army moved west, Major General John Sedgwicks VI Corps attacked on May 3 with Newtons men seeing extensive action. Wounded in the fighting near Salem Church, he quickly recovered and remained with his division as the Gettysburg Campaign commenced that June. Reaching the Battle of Gettysburg on July 2, Newton was ordered to assume command of I Corps whose commander, Major General John F. Reynolds, had been killed the previous day. Relieving Major General Abner Doubleday, Newton directed I Corps during the Union defense of Picketts Charge on July 3.   Retaining command of I Corps through the fall, he led it during the Bristoe and Mine Run Campaigns.  The spring of 1864 proved difficult for Newton as a reorganization of the Army of the Potomac led to I Corps being dissolved. Additionally, due to his role in Burnsides removal, Congress refused to confirm his promotion to major general. As a result, Newton reverted to brigadier general on April 18.         Ã‚  Ã‚   Ordered West Sent west, Newton assumed command of a division in IV Corps.   Serving in Thomas Army of the Cumberland, he took part in Major General William T. Shermans advance on Atlanta. Seeing combat throughout the campaign at places such as Resaca and Kennesaw Mountain, Newtons division distinguished itself at Peachtree Creek on July 20 when it blocked multiple Confederate assaults.   Recognized for his role in the fighting, Newton continued to perform well through the fall of Atlanta in early September. With the end of the campaign, Newton received command of the District of Key  West and Tortugas.   Establishing himself in this post, he was checked by Confederate forces at Natural Bridge in March 1865. Remaining in command for the rest of the war, Newton then held a series of administrative posts in Florida into 1866. Leaving the volunteer service in January 1866, he accepted a commission as a lieutenant colonel in the Corps of Engineers. Later Life Coming north in the spring of 1866, Newton spent the better part of the next two decades engaged in a variety of engineering and fortification projects in New York. On March 6, 1884, he was promoted to brigadier general and made Chief of Engineers, succeeding Brigadier General Horatio Wright.   In this post two years, he retired from the US Army on August 27, 1886. Remaining in New York, he served as Commissioner of Public Works of New  York City until 1888 before becoming President of the Panama Railroad Company.   Newton died in New York City on May 1, 1895 and was buried at West Point National Cemetery.